Uyawazi umlando wentuthuko yeDongfeng Company?

“IShayina inkulu kakhulu, akwanele ukuba ne-FAW yodwa, ngakho-ke kufanele kwakhiwe imboni yesibili yezimoto.” Ekupheleni kuka-1952, ngemva kokuba zonke izinhlelo zokwakha zemboni yokuqala yezimoto sezinqunyiwe, uSihlalo uMao Zedong wanikeza imiyalelo yokwakha imboni yesibili yezimoto. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uMnyango Wezimboni Zemishini wokuqala waqala umsebenzi wokulungiselela iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2, futhi wamisa ihhovisi lokulungiselela le-Factory Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 eWuhan.

Ngemva kokulalela imibono yochwepheshe baseSoviet, indawo yakhethwa endaweni yaseWuchang futhi yabikwa kwiKomidi Lokwakha Lesifundazwe kanye noMnyango Wokuqala Wemboni Yemishini ukuze ivunywe. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuba lolu hlelo lubikiwe kuMnyango Wemishini No.1, kwabangela impikiswano enkulu. IKomidi Lokwakha Lesifundazwe, uMnyango Wemishini No.1 kanye neHhovisi Lezimoto bonke bacabanga ukuthi kunenzuzo enkulu ukwakha iMoto No.2 eWuhan ngokombono wokwakha kwezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, iWuhan iqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-800 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle futhi itholakala ethafeni lapho kugcwele khona amafektri, ngakho kulula ukuhlaselwa yisitha ngemva kokugqashuka kwempi. Ngemva kokuhlola ngokugcwele indawo enkulu yezwe lethu ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wemishini No.1 wagcina wenqabe isiphakamiso sokwakha ifektri eWuchang.

Nakuba isiphakamiso sokuqala senqatshwa, uhlelo lokwakha ifektri yesibili yezimoto aluzange luphele. NgoJulayi, 1955, ngemva kwempikiswano ethile, abaphathi abaphezulu banquma ukuhambisa indawo ye-No.2 Automobile isuka eWuchang iye eBaochechang endaweni esempumalanga yeChengdu, eSichuan. Kulokhu, abaholi abaphezulu babezimisele kakhulu ukwakha i-No.2 Automobile, futhi bakha nendawo yokulala engaba amamitha-skwele angama-20,000 endaweni engaphansi kweChengdu kusenesikhathi.

Ekugcineni, lolu hlelo aluzange lufezeke njengoba kwakuhleliwe. Ngenxa yengxabano yasekhaya ngobukhulu bendawo ye-No.2 Automobile, kanye namaphrojekthi engqalasizinda amaningi eShayina ngesikhathi soHlelo Lokuqala Lweminyaka Emihlanu, uhlelo lokwakha ifektri ye-No.2 Automobile lwamiswa okwesikhashana ekuqaleni kuka-1957 ngaphansi kwethonya "lokulwa nobudlova". Ngalesi sikhathi, amathalente ezimoto angaphezu kwenkulungwane ayesevele egijimele eSichuan nawo adluliselwa eMnyangweni Wezimoto No.1, e-No.1 Automobile Factory nakwamanye amabhizinisi ukuze asebenze.

Ngemva nje kokuba iphrojekthi yesibili yezimoto inqotshwe okwesikhashana, iShayina yaphinde yaletha ithuba elihle lokusekela ukwethulwa kwemoto yesibili. Ngaleso sikhathi, izisebenzi zokuzithandela zaseShayina ezangena e-DPRK zabuyela eShayina ngobuningi, futhi uhulumeni wayebhekene nenkinga enzima yokuthi angawahlalisa kanjani amabutho. USihlalo uMao waphakamisa ukudlulisela isigaba esivela kuzisebenzi zokuzithandela ezibuyile bese ephuthuma eJiangnan ukuyolungiselela ifektri yesibili yezimoto.

Ngokushesha nje lapho lokhu kushiwo, ukwanda kokwakhiwa kwefektri yesibili yezimoto kwaqala futhi. Kulokhu, uLi Fuchun, owayeyisekela likandunankulu ngaleso sikhathi, waphawula: “Akukho fektri enkulu eHunan esigodini soMfula iYangtze, ngakho ifektri yesibili yezimoto izokwakhiwa eHunan!” Ekupheleni kuka-1958, ngemva kokuthola imiyalelo yePhini likaNdunankulu, i-Automobile Bureau yoMnyango Wemishini Yokuqala yahlela amabutho ukuze enze umsebenzi wokukhetha indawo eHunan.

NgoFebhuwari, 1960, ngemva kokukhethwa kwendawo yokuqala, i-Automobile Bureau yathumela umbiko ngezindaba ezithile eziphathelene nokwakhiwa kwe-No.2 Automobile Factory ku-No.1 Automobile Factory. Ngo-Ephreli walowo nyaka ofanayo, i-No.1 Automobile Factory yavuma uhlelo futhi yasungula ikilasi lokuqeqesha omakhenikha labantu abangu-800. Njengoba i-Second Automobile Factory izoqala ukusebenza kahle ngokusekelwa yibo bonke abathintekayo, "isikhathi esinzima seminyaka emithathu" kusukela ngo-1959 saphinda sacindezela inkinobho yokumisa ukuqala kwe-Second Automobile Project. Njengoba izwe lalisesikhathini esinzima kakhulu kwezomnotho ngaleso sikhathi, inhloko-dolobha yokuqala ye-Second Automobile Project yalibaziseka, futhi lo msebenzi wefektri yezimoto ongazange uphumelele kwadingeka udilike futhi.

Ukuphoqeleka ukuthi wehle kabili kwenza abantu abaningi bazisole futhi badumazeke, kodwa uhulumeni ophakathi akakaze ayeke umqondo wokwakha ifektri yesibili yezimoto. Ngo-1964, uMao Zedong waphakamisa ukunaka kakhulu ukwakhiwa komugqa wesithathu, futhi wabeka phambili umqondo wokwakha ifektri yesibili yezimoto okwesithathu. Ifektri yezinjini enguNombolo 1 yasabela kahle, futhi ukukhethwa kwendawo yefektri yezimoto enguNombolo 2 kwenziwa futhi.

Ngemva kochungechunge lophenyo, amaqembu amaningana okulungiselela anquma ukukhetha indawo eduze kwaseChenxi, eLuxi naseSongxi entshonalanga yeHunan, ngakho-ke yayihlanganisa imifudlana emithathu, ngakho yabizwa ngokuthi “iSanxi Scheme”. Ngemva kwalokho, iqembu lokulungiselela labika uhlelo lweSanxi kubaholi, futhi lwavunyelwa. Ukukhethwa kwendawo yeNombolo 2 Steam Turbine kwathatha isinyathelo esikhulu.

Njengoba nje ukukhethwa kwendawo kwase kuqhubeka ngokugcwele, uhulumeni ophakathi wathumela imiyalelo ephakeme kakhulu, wabeka phambili inqubomgomo yezinhlamvu eziyisithupha "yokuthembela entabeni, ukuhlakazeka nokucasha", edinga indawo ukuba isondele kakhulu ezintabeni ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye nemishini ebalulekile yokungena emgodini. Eqinisweni, kusukela kule miyalelo, akunzima ukubona ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni wethu wagxila esicini sempi ekukhethweni kwendawo yeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2. Kusukela kulokhu, singazi futhi ukuthi indawo yomhlaba yaseNew China, esanda kusungulwa iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, ayinokuthula.

Ngemva kwalokho, uChen Zutao, uchwepheshe wezimoto owayengumqondisi kanye nonjiniyela oyinhloko weChangchun Automobile Factory, waphuthuma ekukhetheni indawo. Ngemva kophenyo oluningi nomsebenzi wokulinganisa, amalungu amaningi eqembu lokulungiselela ngokuyisisekelo anquma uhlelo lokukhetha indawo ngo-Okthoba 1964 futhi abuya ngamaqoqo. Kodwa-ke, ngemva nje kokuba uhlelo lokukhetha indawo seluthunyelwe kumphathi, inqubo yokukhetha indawo yeNombolo 2 yeNkampani Yezimoto yashintsha ngokungazelelwe.

Ngokwezibalo eziphelele, ngesikhathi sokukhethwa kwendawo yezinyanga ezingu-15 kusukela ngo-Okthoba, 1964 kuya kuJanuwari, 1966, abantu abaningi bahlanganyela ekukhethweni kwendawo ye-No.2 Automobile Factory, futhi bahlola amadolobha nezifunda ezingu-57 khona lapho, beshayela cishe amakhilomitha angu-42,000 ngemoto, futhi beqopha idatha engaphezu kuka-12,000. Amalungu amaningi eqembu lokulungiselela aze aphindela emakhaya ayophumula kanye ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezinyanga ezingu-10. Ngokuhlolwa okuhlelekile nokuphelele kwesimo sangempela ezindaweni eziningi, ekugcineni kwatholakala ukuthi indawo yoMfula iShiyan-Jiangjun yayifanele kakhulu ukwakha amafektri, futhi uhlelo lokukhetha indawo lwafakwa ekuqaleni kuka-1966. Kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi umoya wesizukulwane esidala sama-autobot eShayina asebenza kanzima futhi angesabi ubunzima ngempela ufanele ukufundwa kubakhiqizi bezimoto basekhaya bamanje.

Kodwa-ke, kulesi sigaba, ukukhethwa kwendawo yeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 bekungakaqedwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni omkhulu uthumele ochwepheshe abaningi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba ukuzokwengeza nokwenza ngcono ukukhethwa kwendawo yeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2. Kwaze kwaba ngu-Okthoba 1966 lapho uhlelo lweNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 lokwakha ifektri eShiyan lwaphothulwa khona.

Kodwa akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili iphinde ingene enkingeni. Ngo-1966, kwaqubuka iNguquko Yamasiko eShayina. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaRed Guard amaningi ahlela ukubhalela uLi Fuchun, iPhini likaNdunankulu woMkhandlu Kahulumeni, izikhathi eziningi, ephikisana ngokuthi kwakunezinkinga eziningi eziyisisekelo ekusungulweni kweNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili eShiyan. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lokwakha ifektri yezimoto yesibili lwahlehliswa futhi.

Ngo-Ephreli, 1967 nangoJulayi, 1968, abaholi abakhulu be-No.1 Engine Factory baya ekukhetheni indawo ye-No.2 Steam Turbine futhi babamba imihlangano emibili yokulungisa indawo. Ekugcineni, ngemva kwengxoxo emhlanganweni, kwacatshangwa ukuthi isinqumo sokwakha i-No.2 Steam Turbine eShiyan sasilungile, kodwa kwakudingeka kulungiswe imininingwane ethile kuphela. Ngakho-ke, i-No.1 Engine Factory yakha isimiso "sokungashukumi okuyisisekelo nokulungiswa okufanele", futhi yenza ukulungiswa okuncane endaweni ye-No.2 Steam Turbine. Ngemva kweminyaka eyi-16 "yezikhathi ezimbili nezintathu"

Kusukela kwasungulwa ifektri eShiyan ngo-1965, iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 iqalile ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwamamodeli ayo efektri yesikhashana elula. Ekuqaleni kuka-1965, uMnyango Wemishini Wokuqala wabamba umhlangano wenqubomgomo yobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlela imboni yezimoto eChangchun, futhi wanquma ukubeka iChangchun Automobile Research Institute ngaphansi kobuholi beNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yangenisa amamodeli emikhiqizo yeWanguo neDodge ukuze isetshenziswe, futhi yathuthukisa imoto yokuqala yezempi engaphandle komgwaqo yeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 ngokubhekisele elolini likaJiefang elalikhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngomhlaka-1 kuMbasa 1967, iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2, eyayingakaqali ukwakhiwa ngokusemthethweni, yabamba umcimbi ongokomfanekiso wokwakha kabusha eLugouzi, eShiyan, eSifundazweni saseHubei. Njengoba iNguquko Yamasiko yayisifikile ngaleso sikhathi, umlawuli weSifunda Sezempi saseYunyang wahola amabutho ukuba ayoma ehhovisi lokulungiselela ukuvimbela izingozi. Kwaze kwaba yiminyaka emibili ngemva kwalo mcimbi wokwakha kabusha lapho iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yaqala khona ukwakha.

Ngenxa yomyalo kahulumeni ophakathi wokuthi “ibutho kufanele linikezwe kuqala, futhi ibutho kufanele libekwe phambi kwabantu”, iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili yanquma ukukhiqiza imoto yezempi engamathani angu-2.0 kanye neloli elingamathani angu-3.5 ngo-1967. Ngemva kokuba imodeli isinqunyiwe, iNkampani Yezimoto Yenombolo 2 ayikwazi ukuqhamuka nethimba elihle locwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza. Ibhekene nokuntuleka okukhulu kwamakhono, iKomidi Eliphakathi le-CPC lacela abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto basekhaya ukuthi basebenzise amakhono ayisisekelo ukusiza iNkampani Yezimoto Yenombolo 2 ukubhekana nezinkinga ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza.

Ngo-1969, ngemva kokushintshashintsha okuningana, i-No.2 Automobile Factory yaqala ukwakha ngezinga elikhulu, futhi amabutho okwakha ayi-100,000 abuthana ngokulandelana eShiyan evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zezwe. Ngokwezibalo, ekupheleni kuka-1969, kwakunamaqembu, onjiniyela kanye nabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe abayi-1,273 abazinikela ekuhlanganyeleni nasekusekeleni ukwakhiwa kwe-No.2 Automobile Factory, okuhlanganisa noZhi Deyu, uMeng Shaonong kanye nenani elikhulu lochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezimoto basekhaya abaphezulu. Laba bantu babecishe bamelele izinga eliphezulu kakhulu embonini yezimoto yaseShayina ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ithimba labo laba umgogodla weNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili.

Kwaze kwaba ngo-1969 lapho iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili yaqala khona ngokusemthethweni ukukhiqizwa nokwakhiwa okukhulu. Iqoqo lokuqala lamamodeli ocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwakuyizimoto zempi ezingamathani angu-2.0, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-20Y. Ekuqaleni, inhloso yokukhiqiza le moto kwakuwukudonsa izikhali. Ngemva kokuba lo modeli ukhiqizwe, iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili yathuthukisa amamodeli amaningi asuselwe kulolu hlobo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokulungela ukulwa kanye nokwenyuka kwesisindo sokudonsa, ibutho lafuna ukuthi i-tonnage yale moto inyuswe ibe ngamathani angu-2.5. Lolu hlobo olubizwa ngokuthi i-20Y aluzange lukhiqizwe ngobuningi, futhi iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili nayo yaphendukela ekuthuthukiseni le moto entsha ebizwa ngokuthi i-25Y.

Ngemva kokuba imodeli yemoto isinqunyiwe futhi ithimba lokukhiqiza seliqediwe, kwaphinde kwabhekana nezinkinga ezintsha neNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2. Ngaleso sikhathi, isisekelo sezimboni saseShayina sasibuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi izinto zokukhiqiza zeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 ezintabeni zaziyindlala kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingasaphathwa eyokukhiqiza imishini emikhulu, ngisho nezakhiwo zefektri zaziyizindlu zesikhashana zomata womhlanga, kanye ne-linoleum njengophahla, omata bomhlanga njengezingxenye zokuhlukanisa kanye neminyango, futhi kwakhiwa “isakhiwo sefektri”. Lolu hlobo lomata womhlanga lwalungakwazi ukumelana nehlobo elishisayo kanye nokubanda kuphela, kodwa ngisho nokukhosela emoyeni nasemvuleni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini eyayisetshenziswa yizisebenzi zeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 ngaleso sikhathi yayinqunyelwe kumathuluzi ayinhloko njengezando nezando. Ithembele ekusekelweni kobuchwepheshe beFektri Yezimoto Eyinombolo 1 futhi ibhekisela ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe zeJiefang Truck, iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili yahlanganisa imoto yezempi engamathani angu-2.5 engama-25Y engangeni emgwaqweni ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimo semoto sishintshe kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nangaphambili.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imoto yezempi engamathani angu-2.5 engaphandle komgwaqo ekhiqizwe yi-Second Automobile Company iqanjwe ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-EQ240. Ngomhlaka-1 Okthoba 1970, i-No.2 Automobile Company yathumela iqembu lokuqala lamamodeli e-EQ240 ahlanganiswe ndawonye eWuhan ukuze ahlanganyele emcimbini wokukhumbula iminyaka engama-21 yokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu be-No.2 Automobile Company abakhiqize le moto babekhathazekile ngokuqina kwale modeli ye-patchwork. Ifektri yaze yathumela abasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-200 bemisebenzi eyahlukene ukuba bahlale ngemuva kwe-rostrum endaweni yombukiso benamathuluzi okulungisa amahora amaningana, ukuze balungise i-EQ240 enezinkinga nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kwaze kwaba yilapho i-EQ240 idlula ngempumelelo e-rostrum lapho inhliziyo elengayo ye-Second Automobile Company yawa khona.

Lezi zindaba ezihlekisayo azibukeki zikhazimula namuhla, kodwa kubantu ngaleso sikhathi, ziwumfanekiso wangempela womsebenzi onzima we-Second Automobile Factory ezinsukwini zayo zokuqala. Ngomhlaka-10 Juni 1971, umugqa wokuqala wokuhlanganisa izimoto we-No.2 Automobile Company waqedwa, futhi inkampani yesibili yezimoto enomugqa wokuhlanganisa ophelele yabonakala ikwamukela intwasahlobo. Ngomhlaka-1 Julayi, umugqa wokuhlanganisa walungiswa futhi wahlolwa ngempumelelo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inkampani yesibili yezimoto iqede umlando wezimoto ezenziwe ngezandla eLuxipeng.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuze kushintshwe isithombe se-EQ240 ezingqondweni zabantu, ithimba lobuchwepheshe eliholwa nguChen Zutao liqale ukuguqulwa kwe-EQ240 ngemuva kokuqedwa komugqa wokuhlanganisa. Ngemva kokuthuthukiswa okuningana engqungqutheleni yokubhekana nezinkinga ezibalulekile, ukugunyazwa kanye nokulungiswa kwekhwalithi yobunjiniyela, iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili isixazulule izinkinga zekhwalithi eziyi-104 ezibalulekile ze-EQ240 esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka owodwa, okubandakanya izingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-900 eziguquliwe.

Kusukela ngo-1967 kuya ku-1975, ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yocwaningo nentuthuko, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa, i-EQ240, imoto yokuqala yezempi engaphandle komgwaqo yeSitsha Sokukhiqiza Izimoto Sesibili, yaqedwa ekugcineni futhi yafakwa ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi. Imoto yezempi engaphandle komgwaqo ebizwa ngokuthi i-EQ240 ibhekisela elolini lokukhulula ngaleso sikhathi, futhi i-grille yangaphambili eqondile ihambisana nomklamo weloli odumile waleyo nkathi, okwenza le moto ibukeke iqine impela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNkampani Yezimoto EnguNombolo 2 yamemezela kuMkhandlu Wezwe ukuthi igama lomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yayo lizoba “iDongfeng”, elavunywa yiMkhandlu Wezwe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imoto yesibili kanye neDongfeng kube amagama ahlanganiswe ndawonye.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, iShayina ne-United States kancane kancane zalungisa ubudlelwano bezombusazwe, kodwa iSoviet Union yangaphambili, umfowethu omkhulu, yayibheke umngcele waseShayina. Ngokusekelwa yiSoviet Union yangaphambili, iVietnam yayivame ukuvusa umngcele waseShayina neVietnam, ibulala futhi ilimaze abantu bethu basemngceleni kanye nonogada bomngcele, futhi ihlasela indawo yaseShayina. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, iShayina yaqala ukuhlasela ngokuzivikela ngokumelene neVietnam ekupheleni kuka-1978. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-EQ240, eyayisanda kwakhiwa, yahamba nayo yaya phambili ukuze ivivinywe kakhulu.

Kusukela ku-EQ240 yokuqala eyakhiwe eLuxipeng kuya ekuphothulweni ngempumelelo kokuhlasela okulwa neVietnam, ifektri yesibili yezimoto nayo yathola intuthuko enkulu ekukhiqizeni. Ngo-1978, umugqa wokuhlanganisa weNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 wawusukhiqize amayunithi angu-5,000 ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, amandla okukhiqiza akhuphuka, kodwa inzuzo yeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yehla. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi simo ukuthi iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 ibilokhu ikhiqiza izimoto zempi ezingaphandle komgwaqo namaloli akhonza ibutho. Ekupheleni kwempi, laba bantu abanomthamo omkhulu nezindleko eziphakeme abanandawo yokusebenzisa, futhi iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 iwele enkingeni yokulahlekelwa.

Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuhlasela okulwa neVietnam, imboni yezimoto yasekhaya, okuhlanganisa neNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2, yabona lesi simo kusengaphambili. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1977, i-FAW yadlulisela ubuchwepheshe beloli layo elingamathani ama-5 i-CA10 eNkampanini Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 mahhala, ukuze iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 ikwazi ukwakha iloli lomphakathi ukuze igweme lesi simo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-FAW yakha iloli elibizwa ngokuthi i-CA140, ekuqaleni elalihloselwe ukuba lithathe indawo ye-CA10. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-FAW yadlulisela leli loli ngesihle eNkampanini Yezimoto EnguNombolo 2 ukuze icwaninge futhi ikhiqize. Ngokwethiyori, i-CA140 yandulela i-EQ140.

Akuyona nje ubuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nomgogodla wemodeli ye-CA10 eyathuthukiswa yi-FAW, esiza iNkampani Yesibili Yezimoto ukuthuthukisa leli lori elivamile. Ngenxa yokuthi laba ochwepheshe banokuhlangenwe nakho okucebile, inqubo yocwaningo nentuthuko yaleli lori ibushelelezi kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, amasampula amaningi elori angamathani ama-5 emhlabeni ahlaziywa futhi aqhathaniswa. Ngemva kwemijikelezo emihlanu yokuhlolwa okunzima, ithimba le-R&D laxazulula izinkinga ezingaba yi-100, ezinkulu nezincane. Leli lori elivamile elibizwa nge-EQ140 lafakwa ngokushesha ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi ngaphansi kokukhuthazwa okusebenzayo kwabaphathi abaphezulu.

Ukubaluleka kwaleli lori lomphakathi le-EQ140 kwiNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili kungaphezu kwalokho. Ngo-1978, umsebenzi wokukhiqiza owabelwe yisifundazwe kwiNkampani Yezimoto Yenombolo 2 kwakuwukukhiqiza izimoto zomphakathi ezingu-2,000, ngezindleko zamabhayisikili ezingu-27,000 yuan. Kwakungekho mgomo wezimoto zempi, futhi umbuso wawuhlela ukulahlekelwa yi-yuan eyizigidi ezingu-32, uma kuqhathaniswa nomgomo wangaphambilini we-yuan eyizigidi ezingu-50. Ngaleso sikhathi, iNkampani Yezimoto Yenombolo 2 yayisengumndeni omkhulu olahlekelwayo eSifundazweni saseHubei. Ukuze kuguqulwe ukulahlekelwa kube yinzuzo, ukunciphisa izindleko kwakuyisihluthulelo, futhi kwakudingeka kukhiqizwe izimoto zomphakathi ezingu-5,000, okwanciphisa izindleko kusukela ku-yuan engu-27,000 kuya ku-yuan engu-23,000. Ngaleso sikhathi, iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili yabeka isiqubulo esithi “ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, ukulwela ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile nokuguqula ukulahlekelwa”. Ngalesi sinqumo, kuphakanyiswa futhi ukuthi “kulwelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo”, “kulwelwe ukwakhiwa kwamandla okukhiqiza amaloli angamathani ama-5”, “kulwelwe isigqoko sokwenza ukulahlekelwa” kanye “nokulwela ukukhiqizwa kwamaloli angamathani ama-5,000 minyaka yonke”.

Ngokusekelwa kwamandla kaHubei, ngo-1978, iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yaqala ngokusemthethweni impi enzima yokuguqula ukulahlekelwa kube yinzuzo ngale moto. Ngo-Ephreli 1978 kuphela, yakhiqiza amamodeli angu-420 e-EQ140, yakhiqiza izimoto ezingu-5,120 unyaka wonke, kanye nokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezimoto ezingu-3,120 unyaka wonke. Esikhundleni sokuguqula ukulahlekelwa okuhleliwe kube ngokoqobo, yaguqula ama-yuan angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.31 kuhulumeni futhi yaguqula ukulahlekelwa kwaba yinzuzo ngendlela ephelele. Yadala isimanga ngaleso sikhathi.

NgoJulayi, ngo-1980, lapho uDeng Xiaoping ehlola iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili, wathi, “Kuhle ukuthi unake izimoto zempi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuyisisekelo, sisadinga ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo yabantu abavamile.” Lesi sigwebo asigcini nje ngokuqinisekisa isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwangaphambilini seNkampani Yezimoto Yenombolo 2, kodwa futhi sichaza inqubomgomo eyisisekelo “yokudlulisela kusuka kwezempi kuya kubantu abavamile”. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkampani Yezimoto Yenombolo 2 yandise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwayo ezimotweni zabantu abavamile futhi yandisa amandla okukhiqiza izimoto zabantu abavamile yaba ngu-90% wamandla okukhiqiza aphelele.

Ngonyaka ofanayo, umnotho wezwe wangena esikhathini sokulungisa, kanti iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yafakwa ohlwini lwephrojekthi “emisiwe noma ebambezelekile” yiMkhandlu Wezwe. Bebhekene nesimo esibi, abenzi bezinqumo beNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 bafaka umbiko “wokuphila ngokwezimali zethu, ukuqoqa imali ngokwethu, nokuqhubeka nokwakha iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2” kuhulumeni, okwavunyelwa. “Ukulunyulwa” kwezwe kanye nentuthuko enesibindi yamabhizinisi kunamandla ngokuphindwe kayishumi futhi ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kunokwakhiwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngaphansi kohlelo lomnotho oluhleliwe, oluye lwakhulula ngempela amandla akhiqizayo, lwakhuthaza intuthuko esheshayo yeNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 futhi lwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezwe.” UHuang Zhengxia, owayengumqondisi weNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 ngaleso sikhathi, wabhala encwadini yakhe yomlando.

Nakuba iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yaqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha ngokusekelwe kumamodeli e-EQ240 kanye ne-EQ140, isakhiwo somkhiqizo wemboni yezimoto yasekhaya yaseShayina sasiphambene kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. “Ukuntuleka kwesisindo nesisindo esincane, cishe imoto engenalutho” kwakuyinkinga ephuthumayo kubakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo lwango-1981-1985, iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yaphinde yabeka phambili uhlelo lokuthuthukisa iloli likadizili eliyi-flathead, ukuze kugcwaliswe igebe “lokuntuleka kwesisindo” eShayina.

Ukuze kufinyezwe isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, kanye nokubhekana nokuguqulwa kwezwe kanye nesimo sokuvuleka ngaleso sikhathi, i-Second Automobile Company yanquma ukufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho okuthuthukile kobuchwepheshe bangaphandle ukuze iqedele ucwaningo kanye nentuthuko yaleli lori elisindayo elinamakhanda ayisicaba. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yocwaningo kanye nentuthuko, imoto entsha sha enekhanda eliyisicaba elingu-8 yaphuma kancane kancane emgqeni wokuhlanganisa ngo-1990. Le moto ibizwa ngokuthi i-EQ153. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babekhuluma kahle ngale EQ153 ngokubukeka okuhle kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu, futhi “ukushayela izinkuni eziyisishiyagalombili ezisicaba nokwenza imali” kwakuyisithombe sezifiso zangempela zeningi labanikazi bezimoto ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla e-No.2 Automobile Co., Ltd. nawo athuthuka ngokushesha phakathi nalesi sikhathi. NgoMeyi 1985, izimoto ze-Dongfeng ezingu-300,000 zaphuma emgqeni wokuhlanganisa izimoto. Ngaleso sikhathi, izimoto ezikhiqizwe yi-No.2 Automobile Co., Ltd. zaziyingxenye eyodwa kweziyisishiyagalombili zobunikazi bezimoto zikazwelonke. Eminyakeni emibili nje kamuva, i-No.2 Automobile Co., Ltd. yangenisa izimoto ezingu-500,000 ezaphuma emgqeni wokuhlanganisa izimoto futhi yaphumelela ekukhiqizeni izimoto ezingu-100,000 ngonyaka, zibalwa phakathi kwamabhizinisi anomkhiqizo omkhulu wamaloli aphakathi nendawo emhlabeni.

Ngaphambi kokuba iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili iqanjwe ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi “iDongfeng Motor Company”, ubuholi ngaleso sikhathi basikisela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwamaloli “kusezingeni lesikole samabanga aphansi” kuphela kanti ukwakhiwa kwezimoto “kusezingeni leyunivesithi”. Uma ufuna ukuba namandla futhi ube mkhulu, kufanele wakhe imoto encane. Ngaleso sikhathi, emakethe yezimoto zasekhaya, iShanghai Volkswagen yayisivele inkulu impela, futhi iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili yasebenzisa leli thuba futhi yabeka uhlelo lokuthuthukisa izimoto ezihlangene.

Ngo-1986, iNkampani Yezimoto EnguNombolo 2 ngaleso sikhathi yathumela ngokusemthethweni kuMkhandlu Wezwe Umbiko Ngomsebenzi Wokuqala Wokuthuthukisa Izimoto Ezivamile Embonini Yezimoto EnguNombolo 2. Ngokusekelwa okunamandla kwamaqembu afanele, abaholi beKhomishini Yezomnotho Kahulumeni, iKhomishini Yokuhlela, iKhomishini Yemishini kanye neminye iminyango baya eNgqungqutheleni yaseBeidaihe ngo-1987. Ingqungquthela yayixoxa kakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto yiNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili. Ngemva nje komhlangano, uhulumeni ophakathi wavumelana ngokusemthethweni nenqubomgomo yesu "yokuthuthukiswa okuhlangene, ukubambisana ekusunguleni amafektri, ukuqondisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokushintshaniswa kwezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe" okwabekwa yiNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili.

Ngemva kokuba uhlelo lokubambisana seluvunyiwe nguhulumeni ophakathi, iNkampani Yezimoto Eyinombolo 2 yaqala ngokushesha ukushintshana kabanzi kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi yaqala ukufuna abalingani. Phakathi nesikhathi sika-1987-1989, iNkampani Yezimoto Yesibili ngaleso sikhathi yangena ezingxoxweni zokubambisana ezingu-78 nezinkampani zezimoto zakwamanye amazwe ezingu-14, yathumela izithunywa ezingu-11 ukuba zivakashele, futhi yamukela izithunywa ezingu-48 ukuze zivakashele futhi zishintshane efektri. Ekugcineni, iNkampani Yezimoto iCitroen yaseFrance yakhethwa ukubambisana.

Ekhulwini lama-21, iDongfeng yaqala umvuthwandaba wokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-joint venture. Ngo-2002, iDongfeng Motor Company yasayina inkontileka ye-joint venture ne-PSA Group of France ukuze kwandiswe ukubambisana, futhi okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwale joint venture ukwethula uhlobo lwePeugeot eShayina ngendlela ephelele. Ngemva kwe-joint venture, igama lenkampani yiDongfeng Peugeot. Ngo-2003, iDongfeng Motor Company yaphinde yahlangana nokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-joint venture. Ekugcineni iDongfeng Motor Company yafinyelela esivumelwaneni neNissan Motor Company sokusungula iDongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. ngendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali okungu-50%. Ngemva kwalokho, iDongfeng Motor Company yaqala ukuxhumana neHonda Motor Company. Ngemva kokubonisana, amaqembu amabili atshale u-50% ngamunye ukusungula iDongfeng Honda Motor Company. Eminyakeni emibili nje kuphela, iDongfeng Motor Company yasayina izivumelwano ze-joint venture nezinkampani ezintathu zezimoto eFrance naseJapan.

Kuze kube manje, iDongfeng Motor Company isungule uchungechunge lwemikhiqizo olusekelwe kumaloli aphakathi nendawo, amaloli asindayo kanye nezimoto. Kuwo wonke umlando weminyaka engu-50 wokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo weDongfeng, amathuba nezinselele bezilokhu zihambisana nabantu baseDongfeng. Kusukela ebunzimeni bokwakha amafektri ekuqaleni kuya ebunzimeni bokusungula izinto ezintsha ezizimele manje, abantu baseDongfeng badlule endleleni enzima benesibindi sokushintsha nokuphikelela.

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